{"title":"European Studies","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"shell-shock-cinema-9780691008509","title":"Shell Shock Cinema","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow war trauma haunted the films of Weimar Germany\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eShell Shock Cinema\u003c\/i\u003e explores how the classical German cinema of the Weimar Republic was haunted by the horrors of World War I and the the devastating effects of the nation's defeat. In this exciting new book, Anton Kaes argues that masterworks such as \u003ci\u003eThe Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Nosferatu, The Nibelungen\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eMetropolis\u003c\/i\u003e, even though they do not depict battle scenes or soldiers in combat, engaged the war and registered its tragic aftermath. These films reveal a wounded nation in post-traumatic shock, reeling from a devastating defeat that it never officially acknowledged, let alone accepted.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eKaes uses the term \"shell shock\"—coined during World War I to describe soldiers suffering from nervous breakdowns—as a metaphor for the psychological wounds that found expression in Weimar cinema. Directors like Robert Wiene, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang portrayed paranoia, panic, and fear of invasion in films peopled with serial killers, mad scientists, and troubled young men. Combining original close textual analysis with extensive archival research, Kaes shows how this post-traumatic cinema of shell shock transformed extreme psychological states into visual expression; how it pushed the limits of cinematic representation with its fragmented story lines, distorted perspectives, and stark lighting; and how it helped create a modernist film language that anticipated film noir and remains incredibly influential today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA compelling contribution to the cultural history of trauma, \u003ci\u003eShell Shock Cinema\u003c\/i\u003e exposes how German film gave expression to the loss and acute grief that lay behind Weimar's sleek façade.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Anton Kaes","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955728093302,"sku":"9780691008509","price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_9f81da85-56a8-4696-9c6d-91eb617e15a3.jpg?v=1767699653"},{"product_id":"empires-of-the-silk-road-9780691150345","title":"Empires of the Silk Road","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe first complete history of Central Eurasia from ancient times to the present day, \u003ci\u003eEmpires of the Silk Road\u003c\/i\u003e represents a fundamental rethinking of the origins, history, and significance of this major world region. Christopher Beckwith describes the rise and fall of the great Central Eurasian empires, including those of the Scythians, Attila the Hun, the Turks and Tibetans, and Genghis Khan and the Mongols. In addition, he explains why the heartland of Central Eurasia led the world economically, scientifically, and artistically for many centuries despite invasions by Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Chinese, and others. 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Combining her work in this extraordinary archive with interviews of former plaintiffs and defendants, judges and prosecutors, government and party functionaries, and Stasi collaborators, all in the little town she calls \"Lüritz,\" Markovits has written a remarkable grassroots history of a legal system that set out with the utopian hopes of a few and ended in the anger and disappointment of the many. This is a story of ordinary men and women who experienced Socialist law firsthand--people who applied and used the law, trusted and resented it, manipulated and broke it, and feared and opposed it, but who all dealt with it in ways that help us understand what it meant to be a citizen in a twentieth-century Socialist state, what \"Socialist justice\" aimed to do, and how, in the end, it failed. Brimming with human stories of obedience and resistance, endurance and cunning, and cruelty and grief, \u003ci\u003eJustice in Lüritz\u003c\/i\u003e is ultimately a book about much more than the law, or Socialism, or East Germany.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Inga Markovits","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955728257142,"sku":"9780691143484","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_5ba29e90-46fc-4e6a-bb22-51664f03c4cc.jpg?v=1767699668"},{"product_id":"medieval-christianity-in-practice-9780691090597","title":"Medieval Christianity in Practice","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMedieval Christianity in Practice\u003c\/i\u003e provides readers with a sweeping look at the religious practices of the European Middle Ages. 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Now greatly expanded, the classic anthology of contemporary texts reexamines the phenomenon of witchcraft, taking into account the remarkable scholarship since the book's publication almost thirty years ago.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpanning the period from 400 to 1700, the second edition of \u003ci\u003eWitchcraft in Europe\u003c\/i\u003e assembles nearly twice as many primary documents as the first, many newly translated, along with new illustrations that trace the development of witch-beliefs from late Mediterranean antiquity through the Enlightenment. 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In this book, Volker Berghahn explains the rise and fall of the men of violence whose wars and civil wars twice devastated large areas of the European continent and Russia--until, after World War II, Europe adopted a liberal capitalist model of society that had first emerged in the United States, and the beginnings of which the Europeans had experienced in the mid-1920s.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Berghahn begins by looking at how the violence perpetrated in Europe's colonial empires boomeranged into Europe, contributing to the millions of casualties on the battlefields of World War I. Next he considers the civil wars of the 1920s and the renewed rise of militarism and violence in the wake of the Great Crash of 1929. The second wave of even more massive violence crested in total war from 1939 to 1945 that killed more civilians than soldiers, and this time included the industrialized murder of millions of innocent men, women, and children in the Holocaust. 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While most histories of the period focus on the ideas and actions of the few who wielded power and stress how different medieval people were from us, Fossier concentrates on the other nine-tenths of humanity in the period and concludes that \"medieval man is us.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDrawing on a broad range of evidence, Fossier describes how medieval men and women encountered, coped with, and understood the basic material facts of their lives. We learn how people related to agriculture, animals, the weather, the forest, and the sea; how they used alcohol and drugs; and how they buried their dead. But \u003ci\u003eThe Axe and the Oath\u003c\/i\u003e is about much more than simply the material demands of life. We also learn how ordinary people experienced the social, cultural, intellectual, and spiritual aspects of medieval life, from memory and imagination to writing and the Church. 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Until now, no one has offered a perspective of what daily life was actually like throughout the entire region devastated by this crisis, nor has anyone probed far into its causes. Here, the distinguished historian William Jordan provides the first comprehensive inquiry into the Famine from Ireland to western Poland, from Scandinavia to central France and western Germany. He produces a rich cultural history of medieval community life, drawing his evidence from such sources as meteorological and agricultural records, accounts kept by monasteries providing for the needy, and documentation of military campaigns. Whereas there has been a tendency to describe the food shortages as a result of simply bad weather or else poor economic planning, Jordan sets the stage so that we see the complex interplay of social and environmental factors that caused this particular disaster and allowed it to continue for so long.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Jordan begins with a description of medieval northern Europe at its demographic peak around 1300, by which time the region had achieved a sophisticated level of economic integration. He then looks at problems that, when combined with years of inundating rains and brutal winters, gnawed away at economic stability. 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Then—as now—being cosmopolitan meant the ability to experience people of different nations, creeds, and colors with pleasure, curiosity, and interest. Yet such a definition did not come about automatically, nor could it always be practiced easily by those who embraced its principles. Cosmopolites had to strike a delicate balance between the transgressive and the subversive, the radical and the dangerous, the open-minded and the libertine. Jacob traces the history of this precarious balancing act to illustrate how ideals about cosmopolitanism were eventually transformed into lived experiences and practices. From the representatives of the Inquisition who found the mixing of Catholics and Protestants and other types of \"border crossing\" disruptive to their authority, to the struggles within urbane masonic lodges to open membership to Jews, Jacob also charts the moments when the cosmopolitan impulse faltered.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJacob pays particular attention to the impact of science and merchant life on the emergence of the cosmopolitan ideal. In the decades after 1650, modern scientific practices coalesced and science became an open enterprise. Experiments were witnessed in social settings of natural inquiry, congenial for the inculcation of cosmopolitan mores. Similarly, the public venues of the stock exchanges brought strangers and foreigners together in ways encouraging them to be cosmopolites. 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In this illustrated account, he makes the case that a king whose name might have been Romulus founded Rome one April 21st in the mid-eighth century BC, most likely in a ceremony in which a white bull and cow pulled a plow to trace the position of a wall marking the blessed soil of the new city. 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Declaration of Human Rights. But if these ideals no longer seem radical today, their origin was very radical indeed—far more so than most historians have been willing to recognize. In \u003ci\u003eA Revolution of the Mind\u003c\/i\u003e, Jonathan Israel, one of the world's leading historians of the Enlightenment, traces the philosophical roots of these ideas to what were the least respectable strata of Enlightenment thought—what he calls the Radical Enlightenment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOriginating as a clandestine movement of ideas that was almost entirely hidden from public view during its earliest phase, the Radical Enlightenment matured in opposition to the moderate mainstream Enlightenment dominant in Europe and America in the eighteenth century. 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It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990, the book shows, global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e David Vogel takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. He traces how concerns over such risks--and pressure on political leaders to do something about them--have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. Vogel explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"David Vogel","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955736154230,"sku":"9780691163369","price":31.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"the-order-of-terror-9780691006857","title":"The Order of Terror","description":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the twelve years from 1933 until 1945, the concentration camp operated as a terror society. 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Sofsky takes us from the searing, unforgettable image of the Muselmann--Auschwitz jargon for the \"walking dead\"--to chronicles of epidemics, terror punishments, selections, and torture.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The society of the camp was dominated by the S.S. and a system of graduated and forced collaboration which turned selected victims into accomplices of terror. Sofsky shows that the S.S. was not a rigid bureaucracy, but a system with ample room for autonomy. The S.S. demanded individual initiative of its members. Consequently, although they were not required to torment or murder prisoners, officers and guards often exploited their freedom to do so--in passing or on a whim, with cause, or without.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e The order of terror described by Sofsky culminated in the organized murder of millions of European Jews and Gypsies in the death-factories of Auschwitz and Treblinka. 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He was the owner of a slave known only as \"Bell or Belinda,\" who journeyed from Calcutta to Virginia, was accused in Scotland of infanticide, and was the last person judged to be a slave by a court in the British isles. In Grenada, India, Jamaica, and Florida, the Johnstones embodied the connections between European, American, and Asian empires. 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She chronicles the hunger, disease, and homelessness, the fraternization with Allied occupiers, and the complexities of navigating a world where the commonplace mingled with the horrific. Grossmann untangles the stories of Jewish survivors inside and outside the displaced-persons camps of the American zone as they built families and reconstructed identities while awaiting emigration to Palestine or the United States. 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Yet Spinoza's book has contributed as much as the Declaration of Independence or Thomas Paine's \u003ci\u003eCommon Sense\u003c\/i\u003e to modern liberal, secular, and democratic thinking. In \u003ci\u003eA Book Forged in Hell\u003c\/i\u003e, Steven Nadler tells the fascinating story of this extraordinary book: its radical claims and their background in the philosophical, religious, and political tensions of the Dutch Golden Age, as well as the vitriolic reaction these ideas inspired.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt is not hard to see why Spinoza's \u003ci\u003eTreatise\u003c\/i\u003e was so important or so controversial, or why the uproar it caused is one of the most significant events in European intellectual history. In the book, Spinoza became the first to argue that the Bible is not literally the word of God but rather a work of human literature; that true religion has nothing to do with theology, liturgical ceremonies, or sectarian dogma; and that religious authorities should have no role in governing a modern state. 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All of these efforts have provoked sharp responses in France and from overseas centers of Islamic scholarship, so Bowen also looks closely at debates over how--and how far--Muslims should adapt their religious traditions to these new social conditions. He argues that the particular ways in which Muslims have settled in France, and in which France governs religions, have created incentives for Muslims to develop new, pragmatic ways of thinking about religious issues in French society.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John R. 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Ranging across Britain, the antebellum South, and the West Indies, and examining vast archives, including portraits, period paintings, personal narratives, and diaries, Simon Gikandi illustrates how the violence and ugliness of enslavement actually shaped theories of taste, notions of beauty, and practices of high culture, and how slavery's impurity informed and haunted the rarified customs of the time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  Gikandi focuses on the ways that the enslavement of Africans and the profits derived from this exploitation enabled the moment of taste in European--mainly British--life, leading to a transformation of bourgeois ideas regarding freedom and selfhood. He explores how these connections played out in the immense fortunes made in the West Indies sugar colonies, supporting the lavish lives of English barons and altering the ideals that defined middle-class subjects. Discussing how the ownership of slaves turned the American planter class into a new aristocracy, Gikandi engages with the slaves' own response to the strange interplay of modern notions of freedom and the realities of bondage, and he emphasizes the aesthetic and cultural processes developed by slaves to create spaces of freedom outside the regimen of enforced labor and truncated leisure.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  Through a close look at the eighteenth century's many remarkable documents and artworks, \u003ci\u003eSlavery and the Culture of Taste\u003c\/i\u003e sets forth the tensions and contradictions entangling a brutal practice and the distinctions of civility.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Simon Gikandi","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955739496566,"sku":"9780691160979","price":39.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_800f5441-fd06-4bfa-a2e2-e6587ba446db.jpg?v=1767699351"},{"product_id":"the-necessary-nation-9780691089027","title":"The Necessary Nation","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn this controversial look at nationalism, Gregory Jusdanis offers a sweeping defense of the nation as a protector of cultural difference and a catalyst for modernization. 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Scott maintains that the law, far from reconciling religious and ethnic differences, only exacerbates them. 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In the nineteenth century, George Grote argued that the phalanx battle formation of the hoplite farmer citizen-soldier was the driving force behind a revolution in Greek social, political, and cultural institutions. Throughout the twentieth century scholars developed and refined this grand hoplite narrative with the help of archaeology. But over the past thirty years scholars have criticized nearly every major tenet of this orthodoxy. Indeed, the revisionists have persuaded many specialists that the evidence demands a new interpretation of the hoplite narrative and a rewriting of early Greek history. \u003ci\u003eMen of Bronze\u003c\/i\u003e gathers leading scholars to advance the current debate and bring it to a broader audience of ancient historians, classicists, archaeologists, and general readers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter explaining the historical context and significance of the hoplite question, the book assesses and pushes forward the debate over the traditional hoplite narrative and demonstrates why it is at a crucial turning point. Instead of reaching a consensus, the contributors have sharpened their differences, providing new evidence, explanations, and theories about the origin, nature, strategy, and tactics of the hoplite phalanx and its effect on Greek culture and the rise of the polis.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe contributors include Paul Cartledge, Lin Foxhall, John Hale, Victor Davis Hanson, Donald Kagan, Peter Krentz, Kurt Raaflaub, Adam Schwartz, Anthony Snodgrass, Hans van Wees, and Gregory Viggiano.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Donald Kagan","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955742150774,"sku":"9780691168456","price":31.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_fb45384b-ba35-4572-8e1f-20b79e1bf13e.jpg?v=1767697669"},{"product_id":"the-church-in-the-shadow-of-the-mosque-9780691146287","title":"The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque","description":"\u003cp\u003eAmid so much twenty-first-century talk of a \"Christian-Muslim divide\"--and the attendant controversy in some Western countries over policies toward minority Muslim communities--a historical fact has gone unnoticed: for more than four hundred years beginning in the mid-seventh century, some 50 percent of the world's Christians lived and worshipped under Muslim rule. 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Klimke traces the impact that Black Power and Germany's unresolved National Socialist past had on the German student movement; he investigates how U.S. government agencies, such as the State Department's Interagency Youth Committee, advised American policymakers on confrontations with student unrest abroad; and he highlights the challenges student protesters posed to cold war alliances.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Exploring the catalysts of cross-pollination between student protest movements on two continents, \u003ci\u003eThe Other Alliance\u003c\/i\u003e is a pioneering work of transnational history.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Martin Klimke","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955746541686,"sku":"9780691152462","price":37.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_e8921fbb-ccb6-40ff-909f-e7a373a54ae3.jpg?v=1777755644"},{"product_id":"furta-sacra-9780691008622","title":"Furta Sacra","description":"\u003cp\u003eTo obtain sacred relics, medieval monks plundered tombs, avaricious merchants raided churches, and relic-mongers scoured the Roman catacombs. 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But historian Michael Stanislawski couldn't forget it, and he decided to find out everything he could about an obscure and much earlier event that was uncannily similar to Rabin's murder: the 1848 killing--by an Orthodox Jew--of the Reform rabbi of Lemberg (now L'viv, Ukraine). Eventually, Stanislawski concluded that this was the first murder of a Jewish leader by a Jew since antiquity, a prelude to twentieth-century assassinations of Jews by Jews, and a turning point in Jewish history. Based on records unavailable for decades, \u003ci\u003eA Murder in Lemberg\u003c\/i\u003e is the first book about this fascinating case.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e On September 6, 1848, Abraham Ber Pilpel entered the kitchen of Rabbi Abraham Kohn and his family and poured arsenic in the soup that was being prepared for their dinner. Within hours, the rabbi and his infant daughter were dead. 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Far from being uniformly Orthodox, as is often assumed, there was a struggle between Orthodox and Reform Jews that was so intense that it might have led to murder.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Michael Stanislawski","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955750604918,"sku":"9780691128436","price":41.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_5311c9de-0d75-450b-8fd7-59fd299bc5c8.jpg?v=1767700694"},{"product_id":"the-french-way-9780691161983","title":"The French Way","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow the French have used American culture to define a unique modern identity\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere are over 1,000 McDonald's on French soil. Two Disney theme parks have opened near Paris in the last two decades. And American-inspired vocabulary such as \"le weekend\" has been absorbed into the French language. But as former French president Jacques Chirac put it: \"The U.S. finds France unbearably pretentious. And we find the U.S. unbearably hegemonic.\" Are the French fascinated or threatened by America? They Americanize yet are notorious for expressions of anti-Americanism. From McDonald's and Coca-Cola to free markets and foreign policy, this book looks closely at the conflicts and contradictions of France's relationship to American politics and culture. Richard Kuisel shows how the French have used America as both yardstick and foil to measure their own distinct national identity. They ask: how can we be modern like the Americans without becoming like them?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrance has charted its own path: it has welcomed America's products but rejected American policies; assailed America's \"jungle capitalism\" while liberalizing its own economy; attacked \"Reaganomics'\" while defending French social security; and protected French cinema, television, food, and language even while ingesting American pop culture. Kuisel examines France's role as an independent ally of the United States—in the reunification of Germany and in military involvement in the Persian Gulf and Bosnia—but he also considers the country's failures in influencing the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. Whether investigating France's successful information technology sector or its spurning of American expertise during the AIDS epidemic, Kuisel asks if this insistence on a French way represents a growing distance between Europe and the United States or a reaction to American globalization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExploring cultural trends, values, public opinion, and political reality, \u003ci\u003eThe French Way\u003c\/i\u003e delves into the complex relationship between two modern nations.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Richard F. 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For readers of the twenty-first century, \u003ci\u003eThe Handless Maiden\u003c\/i\u003e raises urgent questions of how we choose to use difference and historical memory.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Mary Elizabeth Perry","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955751587958,"sku":"9780691130545","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_a8c4ae45-c08e-4127-ba46-d2b9fc4cd08e.jpg?v=1767697182"},{"product_id":"against-massacre-9780691166698","title":"Against Massacre","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAgainst Massacre\u003c\/i\u003e looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. 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On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly \"uncivilized\" states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a \"right to life.\" Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, Rodogno investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. He considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, \u003ci\u003eAgainst Massacre\u003c\/i\u003e investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Davide Rodogno","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955751784566,"sku":"9780691166698","price":37.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"proving-woman-9780691118604","title":"Proving Woman","description":"\u003cp\u003eAround the year 1215, female mystics and their sacramental devotion were among orthodoxy's most sophisticated weapons in the fight against heresy. Holy women's claims to be in direct communication with God placed them in positions of unprecedented influence. Yet by the end of the Middle Ages female mystics were frequently mistrusted, derided, and in danger of their lives. The witch hunts were just around the corner.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  While studies of sanctity and heresy tend to be undertaken separately, \u003ci\u003eProving Woman\u003c\/i\u003e brings these two avenues of inquiry together by associating the downward trajectory of holy women with medieval society's progressive reliance on the inquisitional procedure. Inquisition was soon used for resolving most questions of proof. It was employed for distinguishing saints and heretics; it underwrote the new emphasis on confession in both sacramental and judicial spheres; and it heralded the reintroduction of torture as a mechanism for extracting proof through confession.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  As women were progressively subjected to this screening, they became ensnared in the interlocking web of proofs. No aspect of female spirituality remained untouched. Since inquisition determined the need for tangible proofs, it even may have fostered the kind of excruciating illnesses and extraordinary bodily changes associated with female spirituality. In turn, the physical suffering of holy women became tacit support for all kinds of earthly suffering, even validating temporal mechanisms of justice in their most aggressive forms. The widespread adoption of inquisitional mechanisms for assessing female spirituality eventuated in a growing confusion between the saintly and heretical and the ultimate criminalization of female religious expression.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Dyan Elliott","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955753324662,"sku":"9780691118604","price":58.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_d68af1bd-a6e0-44e3-8caa-ab653c33df05.jpg?v=1767699677"},{"product_id":"from-scottsboro-to-munich-9780691141862","title":"From Scottsboro to Munich","description":"\u003cp\u003ePresenting a portrait of engaged, activist lives in the 1930s, \u003ci\u003eFrom Scottsboro to Munich\u003c\/i\u003e follows a global network of individuals and organizations that posed challenges to the racism and colonialism of the era. Susan Pennybacker positions race at the center of the British, imperial, and transatlantic political culture of the 1930s--from Jim Crow, to imperial London, to the events leading to the Munich Crisis--offering a provocative new understanding of the conflicts, politics, and solidarities of the years leading to World War II.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e  Pennybacker examines the British Scottsboro defense campaign, inaugurated after nine young African Americans were unjustly charged with raping two white women in Alabama in 1931. She explores the visit to Britain of Ada Wright, the mother of two of the defendants. Pennybacker also considers British responses to the Meerut Conspiracy Trial in India, the role that antislavery and refugee politics played in attempts to appease Hitler at Munich, and the work of key figures like Trinidadian George Padmore in opposing Jim Crow and anti-Semitism. Pennybacker uses a wide variety of archival materials drawn from Russian Comintern, Dutch, French, British, and American collections. Literary and biographical sources are complemented by rich photographic images.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eFrom Scottsboro to Munich\u003c\/i\u003e sheds new light on the racial debates of the 1930s, the lives and achievements of committed activists and their supporters, and the political challenges that arose in the postwar years.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Susan D. 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He documents how European governments in the 1970s and 1980s excluded Islam from domestic institutions, instead inviting foreign powers like Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Turkey to oversee the practice of Islam among immigrants in European host societies. But since the 1990s, amid rising integration problems and fears about terrorism, governments have aggressively stepped up efforts to reach out to their Muslim communities and incorporate them into the institutional, political, and cultural fabrics of European democracy.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Emancipation of Europe’s Muslims\u003c\/i\u003e places these efforts--particularly the government-led creation of Islamic councils--within a broader theoretical context and gleans insights from government interactions with groups such as trade unions and Jewish communities at previous critical junctures in European state-building. By examining how state-mosque relations in Europe are linked to the ongoing struggle for religious and political authority in the Muslim-majority world, Laurence sheds light on the geopolitical implications of a religious minority’s transition from outsiders to citizens. This book offers a much-needed reassessment that foresees the continuing integration of Muslims into European civil society and politics in the coming decades.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Jonathan Laurence","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42955753783414,"sku":"9780691144221","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0671\/1374\/6550\/files\/CoreSourceHub_54de528e-55d9-4789-b7c7-c6f9a1ed80b4.jpg?v=1767703316"},{"product_id":"between-women-9780691128351","title":"Between Women","description":"\u003cp\u003eWomen in Victorian England wore jewelry made from each other's hair and wrote poems celebrating decades of friendship. 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