National Book Critics Circle Award Winner
Saroyan Prize Shortlist

“Alex Green’s A Perfect Turmoil tells the story of doctor Walter E. Fernald who transformed our understanding of disabilities in ways that continue to influence our views today. But as Green reveals, Fernald was a complex character whose legacy is both inspiring and troubling. This well-researched biography brings back a story that had been hidden in the archives for a century.” —National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography jury citation

“Fernald (1859-1924) was a pioneer in recognizing and helping people with developmental disabilities. He left a very mixed legacy, explored by Green in this deeply researched biography.” —Washington Post

“Shines a light on a quintessential part of Waltham and world history that has been hidden away in archives for more than a century.” —Waltham Times

“[Green] writes with a magic touch. . . . [A] superb book.” —WOSU All Sides Weekend: Books & The Longest Chapter

“Enthralling. . . . A gripping intellectual history of a major societal sea change.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review)

“Fascinating. . . . In encompassing a life that spanned numerous scientific revolutions, this book captures a malleable, fresh sense of history being made.” —Foreword Reviews

“America has a tragic history of mistreating the intellectually and developmentally disabled, full of Dickensian institutions, barbaric procedures, and malevolent eugenic programs. Much of it remains untold. Alex Green has made an invaluable contribution to our knowledge of this history by tirelessly digging through the archives and eloquently telling the story of Walter E. Fernald.” —Adam Cohen, author of Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck

“A Perfect Turmoil is a riveting examination of not just the life of Fernald, but the rapidly changing political and social attitudes of his time. With a historian’s eye for detail and a novelist’s skill for storytelling, Green never loses sight of the mercy and humanity of his controversial subject, as he explores a lost chapter in American history that continues to shape our lives today.” —Ann Leary, author of The Good House and The Foundling

“Growing up in Waltham, Massachusetts, we kids were all afraid of the Fernald School. By shedding brilliant new light on the institution’s history and its namesake, by bearing witness to the horror, Green shows us a tortured past so that we can ensure that it never, ever repeats.” —Caroline Leavitt, author of Pictures of You and Days of Wonder

“Rescuing Fernald’s story from obscurity, Green gives us insights into education, medicine, American eugenics, and disability over more than a century of transformation. From its beginning through to its blazing conclusion, A Perfect Turmoil is an impeccably researched and humane book that tells us so much about our eugenic, ableist, but still changeable present.” —Adam Rosenblatt, author of Cemetery Citizens: Reclaiming the Past and Working for Justice in American Burial Grounds

“Until recent years, disability rights were considered a secondary concern, even in the human rights community. The serious attention they deserve will be amplified by this superb book. Drawing skillfully on newly available material and highlighting the stories of persons who lived with disabilities, Green illuminates a history never told before. It is a gift to us all.” —William F. Schulz, former executive director of Amnesty International USA and author of Reversing the Rivers: A Memoir of History, Hope, and Human Rights

Alex Green teaches political communications at Harvard Kennedy School and is a visiting fellow at the Harvard Law School Project on Disability and a visiting scholar at Brandeis University Lurie Institute for Disability Policy. He has piloted a nationally recognized disability history curriculum for high school students, developed and taught the first graduate disability policy course offered at the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Policy, and is the author of legislation to create a first-of-its-kind, disability-led human rights commission to investigate the history of state institutions for disabled people in Massachusetts. He lives outside of Boston. A Perfect Turmoil: Walter E. Fernald and the Struggle to Care for America’s Disabled is his first book.

Author’s Note
Introduction

Part I: Rise (1859–1905)

1. The Fernalds of Kittery
2. A Midwestern Madhouse
3. A Difference of Degree
4. The Master Spirit
5. Special Classes
6. The Colony Plan
7. Defective Delinquents

Part II: Fall (1906–1916)

8. Criminal Instincts
9. Hall’s Children
10. Messiah Montessori
11. Binet Tests and Black Charts
12. So Radical an Operation

Part III: Reckoning (1917–1924)

13. Mere Intelligence Testers
14. After Care
15. The Legend of the Feeble-Minded
16. Everyday Eugenicists

Acknowledgments
Notes
Index