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Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the 1923 Lausanne Convention specified the first internationally ratified compulsory population exchange. It proved to be a watershed in the eastern Mediterranean, having far-reaching ramifications both for the new Turkish Republic, and for Greece which hadto absorb over a million refugees. Known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe by the Greeks, it marked the establishment of the independent nation state for the Turks. The consequences of this event have received surprisingly little attention despite the considerable relevance for the contemporary situation in the Balkans. This volume addresses the challenge of writing history from both sides of the Aegean and provides, for the first time, a forum for multidisciplinary dialogue across national boundaries.
“This volume is an honest example of the difficulties and possibilities for a project aiming for realistic and reliable analysis in the context of dominant nationalist discourses informing research within the boundaries of separate nation-states…One can only hope that, once initiated, such holistic and inclusive dialogue across nation-state borders would expand.” • Journal of Refugee Studies
“This volume is a long overdue endeavour to tackle the thorny and delicate issue of the compulsory population exchange…The argumentative force of the volume lies in the careful analysis of the contradictory and ambiguous ramifications of the convention.” • The Greek Review of Social Research>
Renée Hirschon was educated at the universities of Cape Town, Chicago and Oxford. Intensive fieldwork among the Asia Minor refugees settled in Piraeus resulted in the monograph "Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe". She has been Senior Lecturer at Oxford Brookes University, and Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of the Aegean. She is currently Senior Research Fellow at St Peter's College University of Oxford, Senior Member at St Antony's College University of Oxford and Research Associate at the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford.
Notes on Terminology and Orthography
Preface
Renée Hirschon
Acknowledgements
Map of Greece and Turkey
PART I: INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW
Chapter 1. 'Unmixing Peoples' in the Aegean Region
Renée Hirschon
Chapter 2. Consequences of the Lausanne Convention: An Overview
Renée Hirschon
PART II: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND POLICY ASPECTS
Chapter 3. Lausanne Revisited: Population Exchanges in International Law and Policy
Michael Barutciski
Chapter 4. The Consequences of the Exchange of Populations for Turkey
Çagclar Keyder
Chapter 5. 1922: Political Continuations and Realignments in the Greek State
Thanos Veremis
Chapter 6. Economic Consequences following Refugee Settlement in Greek Macedonia, 1923–1932
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
Chapter 7. Homogenising the Nation, Turkifying the Economy: The Turkish Experience of Population Exchange Reconsidered
Ayhan Aktar
Chapter 8. The Story of Those Who Stayed: Lessons From Articles 1 and 2 of the 1923 Convention
Baskin Oran
Chapter 9. Religion or Ethnicity: The Identity Issue of the Minorities in Greece and Turkey
Alexis Alexandris
Chapter 10. Inter-war Town Planning and the Refugee Problem in Greece: Temporary 'Solutions' and Long-Term Dysfunctions
Alexandra Yerolympos
Chapter 11. When Greeks Meet Other Greeks: Settlement Policy Issues in the Contemporary Greek Context
Eftihia Voutira
PART III: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
Chapter 12. Housing and the Architectural Expression of Asia Minor Greeks Before and After 1923
Vassilis Colonas
Chapter 13. Space, Place and Identity: Memory and Religion in Two Cappadocian Greek Settlements
Vasso Stelaku
Chapter 14. Lessons in Refugeehood: The Experience of Forced Migrants in Turkey
Tolga Köker (in collaboration with Leylâ Keskiner)
Chapter 15. Muslim Cretans in Turkey: The Reformulation of Ethnic Identity in an Aegean Community
Sophia Koufopoulou
Chapter 16. The Exchange of Populations in Turkish Literature: The Undertone of Texts
Hercules Millas
Chapter 17. The Myth of Asia Minor in Greek Fiction
Peter Mackridge
Chapter 18. Between Orientalism and Occidentalism: The Contribution of Asia Minor Refugees to Greek Popular Song, and its Reception
Stathis Gauntlett
References
Notes on Contributors