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Linguistic Varieties in North America
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11 August 2026

Documents linguistic features with a clear focus on clinical and practical implications in the diagnosis of speech disorders.
This volume offers speech and language practitioners an accessible entry into the complex linguistic landscape of North America in order to improve the identification of speech disorders in children from diverse language communities.
Written by practitioners and members of these communities, the chapters explore well-known but understudied linguistic varieties of English, Indigenous languages in North America and emerging language varieties. Each chapter describes the culture and context of the language variety and the unique features of its phonology and developmental progression, before detailing the clinical implications for both research and practice.
The book promotes culturally responsive practices and highlights how understanding these linguistic varieties can enhance the accuracy of identification, diagnosis and treatment for children with speech and language disorders. This introduction to the linguistic diversity of North America is key reading for researchers, students and practitioners in speech and language sciences.
MEDICAL / Audiology & Speech Pathology, Speech and language disorders and therapy, LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Sociolinguistics, LANGUAGE STUDY / Indigenous Languages in the Americas, SOCIAL SCIENCE / Diversity & Multiculturalism, Sociolinguistics, Bilingualism and multilingualism
Elena Babatsouli is Associate Professor and the Blanco/BORSF Endowed Professor in Communicative Disorders at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech and co-edits the Multilingual Matters book series Communication Disorders Across Languages.
Yolanda F. Holt is an Independent Researcher and Senior Scientist of PPSS The Holt Lab Sociophonetic Acoustic Research Group in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. She is the Associate Editor for both Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools and the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America – Express Letters.
Karla N. Washington is Associate Professor in the Department of Speech-Language Pathology at University of Toronto, Canada. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools and an invited member of the International Expert Panel on Multilingual Children’s Speech.
Chapter 1. Yolanda F. Holt: Introduction
Part 1: English, Spanish and Creole Varieties – Established Voices in the North American Chorus
Chapter 2. Monique T. Mills and Tynashia Whitaker: African American English in the Personal Narratives of School-Age Children: An Exploration of Preverbal HAD
Chapter 3. Paul E. Reed: Appalachian Englishes
Chapter 4. Wilbur V. Bennett III, Christine P. Weill and Claiborne Rice: Cajun English
Chapter 5. Jessica R. Berry: Gullah Geechee
Chapter 6. Sharma A. Peart and Karla N. Washington: Jamaican Creole in Canada
Chapter 7. Clive Forrester: Jamaican Language Influence in Multiethnic Toronto English
Chapter 8. Aris Moreno Clemons: From Us to Us: Mapping Blaxican Spanish toward Community Solidarity
Chapter 9. Stefanie N. Becerril and Raul F. Prezas: Language Acquisition in Spanish-English Bilingual Children in Texas
Part 2: Indigenous Languages – Heritage, Vitality and Resilience
Chapter 10. Joshuaa D. Allison-Burbank, Jessica K. Meese, Leandra Espeseth and Martha A. Austin-Garrison: Language Acquisition and Use among Diné Children and Adolescents: Implications for Speech and Language Assessment
Chapter 11. Davis E. Henderson and Fe D. Murray: Serving the Navajo Community: Speech and Language Considerations
Chapter 12. Shanley Allen, Richard Compton, Kumiko Murasugi, Diana Neill and Donna Patrick: Canadian Inuktut
Chapter 13. Jeffery U. Darensbourg and Baylee Badawy: How to Use and Learn an Indigenous Language: Examples from Ishākkoy
Chapter 14. Elena Babatsouli and Maria Sofia Sotiropoulou: Koasati in Louisiana: A Native American Language and an English Dialect
Chapter 15. Elena Babatsouli and Ina Fautua: Assessing Samoan Clients
Part 3: Emerging Varieties – The Always Evolving Linguistic Frontier
Chapter 16. Phillip M. Carter: Miami English in Historical, Demographic and Linguistic Perspective: An Overview for Speech and Language Practitioners
Chapter 17. Mojtaba Taghvafard and Elena Babatsouli: Persian in the Context of North America
Chapter 18. Sea Hee Choi: Basic Characteristics of Native Speakers of Korean Learning English
Chapter 19. Kate Margetson, Van H. Tran, Helen L. Blake, Sarah Verdon, Ben Phạm and Sharynne McLeod: Speech and Language of Vietnamese-English-Speaking Children and Their Families
Chapter 20. Carol K.S. To and Kevin K.H. So: Cantonese English in North America: An L2 Perspective for Researchers and Clinicians
Chapter 21. Ran An and Qiang Li: Speech-Language Pathology for Mandarin-English Bilinguals in North America
Chapter 22. Ruochen Ning: Acquisition of Catalan by Multilingual Adults with L1 Mandarin: Influence from Previous Language Knowledge and Social Context
Afterword: Benjamin E. Munson and Elizabeth Ancel: Understanding the Power of Linguistic Variation
Index